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作者：monitor1379
原文链接：https://jianshu/p/84f72791806f
正文共948个字（不含代码），2张图，预计阅读时间15分钟。
前言
最近在学习keras，要使用到lecun大神的mnist手写数字数据集，直接从官网上下载了4个压缩包：
mnist数据集
解压后发现里面每个压缩包里有一个idx-ubyte文件，没有图片文件在里面。回去仔细看了一下官网后发现原来这是idx文件格式，是一种用来存储向量与多维度矩阵的文件格式。
idx文件格式
官网上的介绍如下:
the idx file format
the idx file format is a simple format for vectors and multidimensional matrices of various numerical types.
the basic format is
1magic number
2size in dimension 0
3size in dimension 1
4size in dimension 2
5.....6size in dimension n7data
the magic number is an integer (msb first). the first 2 bytes are always 0.
the third byte codes the type of the data:
10x08: unsigned byte20x09: signed byte30x0b: short (2 bytes)40x0c: int (4 bytes)50x0d: float (4 bytes)60x0e: double (8 bytes)
the 4-th byte codes the number of dimensions of the vector/matrix: 1 for vectors, 2 for matrices....
the sizes in each dimension are 4-byte integers (msb first, high endian, like in most non-intel processors).
the data is stored like in a c array, i.e. the index in the last dimension changes the fastest.
解析脚本
根据以上解析规则，我使用了python里的struct模块对文件进行读写（如果不熟悉struct模块的可以看我的另一篇博客文章《python中对字节流/二进制流的操作:struct模块简易使用教程》）。idx文件的解析通用接口如下：
1# 解析idx1格式
2defdecode_idx1_ubyte(idx1_ubyte_file):
3
4解析idx1文件的通用函数
5:param idx1_ubyte_file: idx1文件路径
6:return: np.array类型对象
7
8return data
9defdecode_idx3_ubyte(idx3_ubyte_file):
10
11解析idx3文件的通用函数
12:param idx3_ubyte_file: idx3文件路径
13:return: np.array类型对象
14
15return data
针对mnist数据集的解析脚本如下：
1# encoding: utf-8
2
3@author: monitor1379
4@contact: yy4f5da2@hotmail
5@site: monitor1379
6@version: 1.0
7@license: apache licence
8@file: mnist_decoder.py
9@time: 2016/8/16 20:03
10对mnist手写数字数据文件转换为bmp图片文件格式。
11数据集下载地址为http://yann.lecun/exdb/mnist。
12相关格式转换见官网以及代码注释。
13========================
14关于idx文件格式的解析规则：
15========================
16the idx file format
17the idx file format is a simple format for vectors and multidimensional matrices of various numerical types.
18the basic format is
19magic number
20size in dimension 0
21size in dimension 1
22size in dimension 2
23.....
24size in dimension n
25data
26the magic number is an integer (msb first). the first 2 bytes are always 0.
27the third byte codes the type of the data:
280x08: unsigned byte
290x09: signed byte
300x0b: short (2 bytes)
310x0c: int (4 bytes)
320x0d: float (4 bytes)
330x0e: double (8 bytes)
34the 4-th byte codes the number of dimensions of the vector/matrix: 1 for vectors, 2 for matrices....
35the sizes in each dimension are 4-byte integers (msb first, high endian, like in most non-intel processors).
36the data is stored like in a c array, i.e. the index in the last dimension changes the fastest.
37
38import numpy as np
39import struct
40import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
41# 训练集文件
42train_images_idx3_ubyte_file = '../../data/mnist/bin/train-images.idx3-ubyte'
43# 训练集标签文件
44train_labels_idx1_ubyte_file = '../../data/mnist/bin/train-labels.idx1-ubyte'
45# 测试集文件
46test_images_idx3_ubyte_file = '../../data/mnist/bin/t10k-images.idx3-ubyte'
47# 测试集标签文件
48test_labels_idx1_ubyte_file = '../../data/mnist/bin/t10k-labels.idx1-ubyte'
49defdecode_idx3_ubyte(idx3_ubyte_file):
50
51解析idx3文件的通用函数
52:param idx3_ubyte_file: idx3文件路径
53:return: 数据集
54
55# 读取二进制数据
56bin_data = open(idx3_ubyte_file, 'rb').read()
57# 解析文件头信息，依次为魔数、图片数量、每张图片高、每张图片宽
58offset = 0
59fmt_header = '>iiii'
60magic_number, num_images, num_rows, num_cols = struct.unpack_from(fmt_header, bin_data, offset)
61print'魔数:%d, 图片数量: %d张, 图片大小: %d*%d' % (magic_number, num_images, num_rows, num_cols)
62# 解析数据集
63image_size = num_rows * num_cols
64offset += struct.calcsize(fmt_header)
65fmt_image = '>' + str(image_size) + 'b'
66images = np.empty((num_images, num_rows, num_cols))
67for i in range(num_images):
68if (i + 1) % 10000 == 0:
69print'已解析 %d' % (i + 1) + '张'
70images[i] = np.array(struct.unpack_from(fmt_image, bin_data, offset)).reshape((num_rows, num_cols))
71offset += struct.calcsize(fmt_image)
72return images
73defdecode_idx1_ubyte(idx1_ubyte_file):
74
75解析idx1文件的通用函数
76:param idx1_ubyte_file: idx1文件路径
77:return: 数据集
78
79# 读取二进制数据
80bin_data = open(idx1_ubyte_file, 'rb').read()
81# 解析文件头信息，依次为魔数和标签数
82offset = 0
83fmt_header = '>ii'
84magic_number, num_images = struct.unpack_from(fmt_header, bin_data, offset)
85print'魔数:%d, 图片数量: %d张' % (magic_number, num_images)
86# 解析数据集
87offset += struct.calcsize(fmt_header)
88fmt_image = '>b'
89labels = np.empty(num_images)
90for i in range(num_images):
91if (i + 1) % 10000 == 0:
92print'已解析 %d' % (i + 1) + '张'
93labels[i] = struct.unpack_from(fmt_image, bin_data, offset)[0]
94offset += struct.calcsize(fmt_image)
95return labels
96defload_train_images(idx_ubyte_file=train_images_idx3_ubyte_file):
97
98training set image file (train-images-idx3-ubyte):
99[offset] [type] [value] [description]
1000000 32 bit integer 0x00000803(2051) magic number
1010004 32 bit integer 60000 number of images
1020008 32 bit integer 28 number of rows
103 0012 32 bit integer 28 number of columns
104 0016 unsigned byte pixel
105 0017 unsigned byte pixel
106 ........
107 xxxx unsigned byte pixel
108 pixels are organized row-wise. pixel values are 0 to 255. 0 means background (white), 255 means foreground (black).
109 :param idx_ubyte_file: idx文件路径
110 :return: n*row*col维np.array对象，n为图片数量
111
112return decode_idx3_ubyte(idx_ubyte_file)
113defload_train_labels(idx_ubyte_file=train_labels_idx1_ubyte_file):
114
115 training set label file (train-labels-idx1-ubyte):
116 [offset] [type] [value] [description]
117 0000 32 bit integer 0x00000801(2049) magic number (msb first)
118 0004 32 bit integer 60000 number of items
119 0008 unsigned byte label
120 0009 unsigned byte label
121 ........
122 xxxx unsigned byte label
123 the labels values are 0 to 9.
124 :param idx_ubyte_file: idx文件路径
125 :return: n*1维np.array对象，n为图片数量
126
127return decode_idx1_ubyte(idx_ubyte_file)
128defload_test_images(idx_ubyte_file=test_images_idx3_ubyte_file):
129
130 test set image file (t10k-images-idx3-ubyte):
131 [offset] [type] [value] [description]
132 0000 32 bit integer 0x00000803(2051) magic number
133 0004 32 bit integer 10000 number of images
134 0008 32 bit integer 28 number of rows
135 0012 32 bit integer 28 number of columns
136 0016 unsigned byte pixel
137 0017 unsigned byte pixel
138 ........
139 xxxx unsigned byte pixel
140 pixels are organized row-wise. pixel values are 0 to 255. 0 means background (white), 255 means foreground (black).
141 :param idx_ubyte_file: idx文件路径
142 :return: n*row*col维np.array对象，n为图片数量
143
144return decode_idx3_ubyte(idx_ubyte_file)
145defload_test_labels(idx_ubyte_file=test_labels_idx1_ubyte_file):
146
147 test set label file (t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte):
148 [offset] [type] [value] [description]
149 0000 32 bit integer 0x00000801(2049) magic number (msb first)
150 0004 32 bit integer 10000 number of items
151 0008 unsigned byte label
152 0009 unsigned byte label
153 ........
154 xxxx unsigned byte label
155 the labels values are 0 to 9.
156 :param idx_ubyte_file: idx文件路径
157 :return: n*1维np.array对象，n为图片数量
158
159return decode_idx1_ubyte(idx_ubyte_file)
160defrun():
161 train_images = load_train_images()
162 train_labels = load_train_labels()
163# test_images = load_test_images()
164# test_labels = load_test_labels()
165# 查看前十个数据及其标签以读取是否正确
166for i in range(10):
167print train_labels[i]
168plt.imshow(train_images[i], cmap='gray')
169plt.show()
170print'done'
171if __name__ == '__main__':
172run()
原文链接：https://jianshu/p/84f72791806f